##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

The interest in this study arose from the great attention currently being given to the role of co-operative enterprises in achieving the United Nation’s goals of reducing poverty, promoting gender equality, providing health care services and ensuring environmental sustainability. The study investigated co-operative enterprises’ strategic planning intentions and processes and their impact on the ecosystems, societies, and environments of the future. Although survey questionnaires were the main instrument for primary data collection, semi-structured follow-up interviews were also conducted to supplement the method. The study found out that co-operative enterprises integrate environmental and social policies in their business model thereby representing a fundamentally distinct type of the modern firm characterized by a governance structure that in addition to financial performance, accounts for the environmental and social impact. The study established that co-operative enterprises also seek to promote the fullest possible participation in the economic and social development of groups of people who have hitherto encountered economic difficulties within the existing economic infrastructure that is not able to provide them with opportunities. Seventy nine percent of the co-operatives enterprises surveyed rated their performance as either satisfactory or exemplary.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Accounting for Sustainability. (2011). The Prince’s Accounting for Sustainability Project: Embedding Sustainability into Decision-making and Reporting Processes. www.accountingforsustainability.org. London: The Prince‘s Charities.
     Google Scholar
  2. Adams, A., Fries, S., Simnett., R. (2011). The journey towards integrative reporting. Accountant’s Digest, (558).
     Google Scholar
  3. Allison, M. & Kaye, J. (1997). Strategic planning for nonprofit organizations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
     Google Scholar
  4. Ameer, R., & Othman, R. (2011). Sustainability Practices and Corporate Financial Performance: A Study Based on the Top Global Corporations. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1063-y.
     Google Scholar
  5. Birchall, J. (2003). Rediscovering the co-operative advantage: Poverty reduction through self-help. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
     Google Scholar
  6. Bradley, K. & Gelb, A. (1983). Co-operation at work: The Mondragon experience. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
     Google Scholar
  7. Campbell, A. (1983). Mondragon 1980. In The co-operative way: Worker co-operatives in France, Spain and Eastern Europe (p. 46-60). London: ICOM Co-Publications.
     Google Scholar
  8. Cockerton, P., Gilmour-White, T. Pearce, J & Whyatt, A. (1980). Workers co-operatives: A Handbook. Aberdeen: Aberdeen People’s Press Ltd.
     Google Scholar
  9. Co-operative-UK. (2004). Demonstrating co-operative difference: Key social and co-operative performance indicators. Manchester: Co-operative-UK
     Google Scholar
  10. Davies, P. (1996). Facilitating co-operative management development. Coop Dialogue, 4(4), 1-6.
     Google Scholar
  11. David, F. R. (2005). Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
     Google Scholar
  12. European Commission. (2005). http://europa. eu.int/comm/enterprise/entrepreneurship/coop/
     Google Scholar
  13. Fairbairn, B. (2003). Three strategic concepts for the guidance of co-operatives: Linkage, transparency and cognition. Saskatoon, SK: Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Saskatchewan.
     Google Scholar
  14. Field, J. (2003). Social capital. London: Routledge
     Google Scholar
  15. Fukuyama, F. (1999). Social capital and civil society. Fairfax, VA: Institute of Public Policy, George Mason University.
     Google Scholar
  16. Greater London Enterprise Board (Undated). A strategy for co-operation: worker co-operatives in London. London: Author.
     Google Scholar
  17. Halpern, D. (2005). Social capital. Cambridge: Polity Press.
     Google Scholar
  18. Hitt, M., Ireland, R. & Hoskisson, R. (2003). Strategic management: competitiveness and globalization. Mason, OH: South-Western College Publishing.
     Google Scholar
  19. ILO (2002) Recommendation of the Ninetieth Session of the International Labour Conference on the Promotion of Co-operatives. Geneva: Recommendation 193.
     Google Scholar
  20. Japanese Workers Co-operative Union, (1999). Seeking a more humane way of working: the workers’ co-operative movement in Japan. Journal of Co-Operative Studies, 31(94), 3-10.
     Google Scholar
  21. Kaplan, R. & Norton, D. (2004, February). Measuring the strategic readiness of intangible assets. Harvard Business Review, 52.
     Google Scholar
  22. Lawless, G. & Reynolds, A. (2004). Worker co-operatives: Case studies, key criteria and best practices. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
     Google Scholar
  23. Levin, H. (1984). Employment and productivity of producer co-operatives. In R. Jackall & H. Levin (Eds.), Worker co-operatives in America (pp. 16-29). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
     Google Scholar
  24. Linehan, M. & Tucker, V. (1983). What is a workers’ co-operative? In M. Linehan & V. Tucker (Eds.), Workers’ co-operatives: Potential and problems (p.19). Cork: UCC Bank of Ireland Centre for Co-operative Studies.
     Google Scholar
  25. MacPherson, I. (1996). Co-operative principles for the 21st century. Geneva: International Co-operative Alliance.
     Google Scholar
  26. Macmillan, H. & Tampoe, M. (2000). Strategic management. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
     Google Scholar
  27. Pflimlin, E. (1996). Technical/Democratic supervision in European co-operative banks. Review of International Co-operation, 89, 27-33.
     Google Scholar
  28. Porter, M., and M. Kramer. 2011. Creating shared value: How to reinvent capitalism—and unleash a wave of innovation and growth. Harvard Business Review (January-February), 62-77.
     Google Scholar
  29. Shaffer, J. (1999). Historical dictionary of the co-operative movement. London: Scarecrow Press Inc.
     Google Scholar
  30. Schoemaker, P. & Amit, R. (1997). The competitive dynamics of capabilities: developing strategic assets for multiple futures. In G. Day & D. Reibstein (Eds.), Wharton on dynamic competitive strategy (pp. 368-394). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
     Google Scholar
  31. Spear, R., Davis, P., Wilkins A., (2000). Reasserting the Co-operative Advantage. Special Issue of Journal of Co-operative Studies, 33(2), 95-123.
     Google Scholar
  32. Spear, R. (2000) ‘The Co-operative Advantage’, Annals of Public and Co-operative Economics, Oxford: Blackwells.
     Google Scholar
  33. The UK Co-operative Council, (1994). The Co-operative Opportunity. Manchester: The UK Co-operative Council.
     Google Scholar
  34. Thomas, A. (1988). UK worker co-operatives 1987: Common ownership or equity participation. In J. E. Bayley & E. Parnell (Eds.), Yearbook of co-operative enterprise (pp. 19-27). Oxford: Plunkett Foundation for Co-operative Studies.
     Google Scholar
  35. United Nations (1996) Report of the Secretary General to the General Assembly on Status and role of co-operatives in the light of new economic and social trends, A/51/267.
     Google Scholar
  36. United Nations (UN), (1997). Co-operative enterprise in the health and social care sectors: A global survey. New York, NY: UN Department for Policy Co-ordination and Sustainable Development.
     Google Scholar
  37. United Nations (2001) Report of the Secretary General to the General Assembly on Co-operatives in Social Development, A/56/73.
     Google Scholar
  38. United Nations (2002a) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on Co-operatives in Social Development, A/56/114.
     Google Scholar
  39. United Nations (2002b) Report of an Expert group Meeting on Supportive Environment for Co-operatives. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 15-17 May 2002.
     Google Scholar
  40. Western Economic Diversification Canada (2005). www.wd.gc.ca/ced/se/default_e.asp.
     Google Scholar
  41. United Nations (2002b) Report of an Expert group Meeting on Supportive Environment for Co-operatives. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 15-17 May 2002.
     Google Scholar
  42. Wylie, L. (2001). European Social Co-operatives: A Survey and Analysis of Current Developments. British Columbia Institute for Co-operative Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
     Google Scholar
  43. World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     Google Scholar
  44. Wright, P., Kroll, M. & Parnell, J. (1998). Strategic management: concepts and cases. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, Inc.
     Google Scholar